Life Cycle Cost Modeling and Multi-Dimensional
The results show that pumped storage and compressed air energy storage have significant economic advantages in long-term and
Multi-energy storage performance under different scenarios: (a) Lithium iron phosphate battery energy storage, (b) pumped storage, (c) compressed air energy storage, and (d) hydrogen energy storage. The EES for the renewables scenario focuses on the economic indicators of energy storage.
Energy demand and generation profiles, including peak and off-peak periods. Technical specifications and costs for storage technologies (e.g., lithium-ion batteries, pumped hydro, thermal storage). Current and projected costs for installation, operation, maintenance, and replacement of storage systems.
Base year costs for utility-scale battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are based on a bottom-up cost model using the data and methodology for utility-scale BESS in (Ramasamy et al., 2023). The bottom-up BESS model accounts for major components, including the LIB pack, the inverter, and the balance of system (BOS) needed for the installation.
Technical specifications and costs for storage technologies (e.g., lithium-ion batteries, pumped hydro, thermal storage). Current and projected costs for installation, operation, maintenance, and replacement of storage systems. Expected lifespan and degradation rates of storage technologies.
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