The paper presents these findings as energetic analogies with financial cost parameters for assessing energy technologies: overnight capital cost, operating costs and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). The findings suggest that wind energy has the lowest energy costs, followed. . This paper presents the results of meta-analyses of life-cycle assessments (LCA) of energy costs of three renewable technologies: solar photovoltaic (PV), concentrating solar power (CSP), and wind. Despite growing interest, literature lacks a comprehensive review on LCCA implementation in photovoltaic systems. The purpose of this review is to identify key factors. . Fig. 1: Land use Efficency in Watts per square meter (left) compared between solar and wind power for climate optimal and average conditions. Land area required for equivalent power generation (right) with values in square kilometers. [1,2] (Image source: D. Merrell) Solar and wind power are both.
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